Potential and Kinetic Energy

The sum of GPE+KE is constant

For example, a tennis ball is hit into the air so therefore GPE+KE is constant. If you calculate the two energies and add them together, you will receive the same answer (neglecting air friction).

Potential Energy

Potential energy is stored energy. For example, gravitational potential energy is stored energy due to a mass being a certain height above reference level.

GPE= mgh is the equation for calculating gravational potential energy

m= mass (kg)

g= 9.8 (metres per second squared)

h= height (m)

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy that an object contains due to its motion. The speed of Kinetic energy is much less than the speed of light. Energy as a whole is categorized into two classes: Potential energy and Kinetic Energy. Kinetic energy can be found in the game of billiards, the player gives kinetic energy to the cue ball by striking it with the cue stick. Therefore, kinetic energy is the energy that an object possesses due to its motion.

One of the fundamental laws of physics says that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another.

Conversion is explaining that from motion energy(Kinetic energy) is converting into a other form of energy example potential.

Potenial energy is energy that can be use like magnetic, gravitional, chemical, electrical, elastic and nuclear. The picture of fireworks shows chemical energy.

Motion energy(Kinetic energy) is any moving object that users kinetic energy. Like heat, light, sound and kinetic energy.

The sun shows energy of heat.

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The Universe is very big place but we can only see a certain parts of it it contains the Pegasus cluster, Virgo cluster, local group (we live in the local group), Centaurs cluster, Fornax cluster, Hydra cluster.
Cluaters are massive groups of galaxies bucked to gather it may contain anything to a few dozen to few thousand. That might sound a lot but it mostly believed to be made of darkmatter.

Sun Song!

Visit: Sun Song

It's really cool. It gives you lots of information in a really fun way... a song!

A Black hole is a region from space from which nothing, not even light can escape from it. The Black Hole in the middle of the Milky is more than 4 million solar masses.
Black holes are the evolutionary endpoints of stars at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun. The term black hole can also be called Neutron Star. Karl Schwarzschild was credited with being the astronomer who developed the concept of the black holes.

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Daniel_Barnes/Page2.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110369/Where.htm http://whyfiles.org/052einstein/frame_drag3.html http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes.html http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q1808.html

Galaxies are massive amounts of stars gathered together reaching up to 10 million to 1 trillion. Galaxies are also made up of gas. There are many different types of galaxies in all diferent shapes and sizes. Like the spirals galaxies, elliptical, lenticular, irregular galaxies and more.

Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy and it called the milky way. The closes galaxy to use is called the Andromeda galaxy it is also a sprial galaxy. It is 2.5 miollion years away from us.

Dark matter is believe to be the solution to the missing mass problem. Dark matter is believed to take up most of the Unvirse. Dark matter was firsted propesed by a man named Frizt Zwicky in 1933. He was observing a cluster of galaxies when he notice he was moving faster around thier centre of gravity point, based on their mass. He worked out that the galaies had to be 400 times in their mass at the rate thatv they were moving, this is called the missing mass problem.

Many other scientist have proposed other solution to tis problem but they all have same characteristics.

White Holes

A white hole is made up of matter and is basically the other end of a black hole and things that get sucked in must emerge but not enter.
White holes are formed like black holes, from a large star and this is basically by the star blowing up.

T.Pyxiis, a massive explosive white Dwaf star in a bainary star system with a sun-like star in our milky way Galaxy. T. Pyxidis could have exploaded 3260 Light years agoto 1,000 parsecs (1 parsec = 3.26 Light-Years) ago but NO ONE knows because of the distance time delay. if the star exploads it will be equivalent to 20 billon billon billon megatons of TNT. Dward plen has had a increase of mass witch could lead to it exploading.

THE SUNS

vy canis mojoris is the biggest sun ever discoverd it is located in the milky way and is a red hyper giant. scientist are still studing how big these sun can get vy canis majoris was discoverd in the 17th cenury by jerome lalande. the most lomense star ever discoverd was lbv 1806-20 it would light the earth for tens and thousand of years. imagine this vy canis majoris could fit earth 70 qaudrillion times.

Mars is the only planet that is the similar to Earth therefore if people ever live on other planets, Mars will probably be the first one they will move to. The ancient Romans named Mars after their god of war because it was the colour of blood.





Mass: 0.107 times that of Earth


Gravity: 0.376 times that on Earth


Period of rotation (day): 1.03 Earth days


Time to orbit Sun (yeaer): 687 Earth days


Moons: 2


Surface temperature: -120 degrees C to 25 degrees C

Venus - Solar System

I researched that Venus is the hottest planet and it's the sixth largest planet in the Solar System.Venus and Earth are known as sister planets because they are in similar size, density and mass, however the surface and atomosphere of the two planets are different.The surface of Venus is very dry with flat plains, highland region and depressions.Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.

The Asteroid Belt

The Asteroid Belt consists of asteroids and minor planets. It is located between Mars and Jupiter. Apparently, astronomers in the 1700's thought that the asteroids were planets. They named it Ceres until they realised that it was too small to be a planet so they called it an asteroid. It was stated an asteroid belt on 1st January, 1801. The Asteroid Belt is one of my favourite celestial objects!

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A black hole is a place where there is a huge amount of mass in very small area. Astronauts think that black holes are about the size of large stars. No one can escape if they get sucked in from black holes including light. Black holes have been recognised to form from stars. Black Holes are called Neutron Stars.

A black hole is an extremely dense celestial body which is believed to exist in our universe. THe gravitational force of a Black Hole is so strong that light can enter it but not escape.

The Black Hole Concept was developed by a German Astronomer in 1916, named Karl Schwarzschild. He based his studies on Albert Einstein's general theory of gravity.

The point when no matter can escape the gravitational force of a black hole is called the Event Horizon. You can only see a black hole when light is entering it, not any other time.

Black Holes are still a mystery to mankind which is why we don't know all the facts about Black Holes.

Black Holes are also called Neutron Stars.

Giant Stars

In todays lesson I learned that there is a star called VY Canus Majoris. It is so big that it can fit 70 quadrillion earths into it.

WOW!

The Supernova is when a star explodes. This can happen if another star collides into another star or when the star reaches its age limit. When a supernova occurs, they leave a bright light behind which can be seen by naked eyes. The light can stay there for several weaks until it weakens. A star releases a high energy light beam before it explodes as a supernova.

Saturn is the 6th planet from the Sun and was discovered by Galileo in 1610. It was named Cronus by the Greeks and was also known as the god of agriculture.

1 rotation of Saturn is longer than the orbit around the Sun. It has at least 30 moons and over 100 000 rings.

Its atmosphere has a very thick layer of hydrogen and helium and also has some methane.

More information is on this website: www.kidsastronomy.com/saturn.htm

On September 2010, the Telegraph said that most recently, Stephen hawking have discoverd that there was no creator of this universe. Stephen Hawking published a book called a grand design that is proving that universe exists by scienticfic reasons not a religion reasons.

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Titan

Recently, in class we had to make a fact sheet. I did mine on Tian and here are some facts about it.

Titan is Saturn's largest moon and the second largest in the solar system. It was discovered by Christaan Huygens (and that isn't a spelling mistake) in 1655, whilst using a newly improved telescope to Galileo's original telescope. It has a dense atmosphere and is similar to Earth, i.e. it probably can produce life.

In 2005, the space probe, Huygens, landed on Titan in memory of Christaan Huygens.

The only liquid on there is frozen methane and in years to come we will probably live there (although the sun would have to get older to create enough heat for humans)

Here are a couple of pictures of Titan:

Solar Flares

SOLAR FLARES

For our homework recently, we had to do a fact sheet on one aspect of space. I chose to do solar flares.

What: A solar flare is a burst of energy from a break in the suns Chromosphere (middle layer). This can sometimes can cause disruptions in the earths magnetic field, such as causing aurorae to become brighter and more vivid than usual, magnetic storms to occur, and can even cause radio interference.

Where: Solar Flares usually occur close to sunspots, in the suns chromosphere. The sunspots are around 1000 degrees cooler than the surrounding gas. (even though cooler is still hotter than 4500 degrees C) They are also darker than their surroundings.

How can they be predicted: Scientists can predict when flares are going to happen by looking through special filters. If the magnetic fiel of the sunspots are twisted or the angles have changed, it is a sign that a flare will happen in the near future.

Pronumerals

Cartesian Plane

A Cartesian plane is a plane in maths which all points are defined by Cartesian coordinates. It was invented by Rene Descartes, a French Philosopher, Scientist and Mathematician, who was sometimes called the father of 'Modern Philosophy', who was tying to describe the location of a fly on the roof of his bedroom when he created it.

There are two types of Cartesian planes.

Number one is where the coordinates are in the spaces. We use this when trying to identify where we are by using refidex, or when we are playing Battleships.

The other is where the coordinates are on the lines. This is sometime also used in a refidex when the coordinates happen to occur on the lines.

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5 September 1977 - Voyager 1 was launched 33 years ago.

Handy fact considering we were discussing this in class today.

Reflections

What I learned in class

In class, I learned about the auroras, solar flares, sun spots, The sun and the solar system. Firstly I will explain a bit about auroras... Auroras or Aurora Borealis as scientist call it, are the colored lights seen in the skies around the Polar regions What causes the aurora? The sun emits a continuous stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This wind interacts with the magnetic field of the Earth and produces large electrical currents. These currents flow along the magnetic field lines down into the upper atmosphere surrounding the north and south magnetic poles. These currents cause the atmospheric gases to glow like the gas in a fluorescent tube. Does the aurora occur on other planets? The answer is yes! The Earth is not the only planet in the solar system on which auroras may be seen. Auroras may also be seen on the gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These planets all have strong magnetic fields.

The Sun

The Sun. The big ball of gas that happens to bring light an warmth to Earth.

The Sun creates solar flares (which are awesome) and it creates aurora that are only visible at each of the poles.

Auroras:

An aurora is, as defined by Encarta Dictionaries, northern or southern lights: a phenomenon occurring in the night sky around the polar regions creating streamers, folds, or arches of colored light.

Lovely. Now, what about the sun makes the aurora lights? The sun emits a stream of particles into space constantly. This is called 'solar wind'. The solar wind particles are then attracted to Earth's polar regions because of their magnetic force. The particles then interact with Earth's atmosphere to cause absolutely spiffing lights!

This is a picture of Aurora Borealis (northern hemisphere aurorae)

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Now, on forth to Solar Flares!
Firstly, you would need to know what a sun spot is.

Sun spots are mainly hollow areas on the sun that are a few thousand degrees cooler than the gas around it. Solar flares come from these solar spots, and they can reach hundreds of thousands of kilmoteres into space!
A neat fact about solar flares; they can interfere with radio and television signals! In other words, blame the sun when your signal doesn't work!
Anyway, here is a solar flare:

Cool (not literally). It looks like it's trying to grab a sandwich. Anyway, now you know about solar flares and auroras!

P.S. auroras mainly occur at night.

Additional notes: There recently was an aurorae borealis due to the sun's recent huge corona explosion. The exact date... well, I can't seem to find it.